As the emigrant travel on the trail declined in later years and after livestock ranches were established at many places along the trail large herds of animals often were driven along part of the trail to get to and from markets. Lillian Schlissel, "Women's diaries on the western frontier.". St. Joseph had good steamboat connections to St. Louis and other ports on the combined Ohio, Missouri, and Mississippi River systems. It was the opening track in his Columbia River Collection album. This cutoff rejoined the Oregon and California Trails near the City of Rocks near the UtahIdaho border and could be used by both California and Oregon bound travelers. By the end of the 1860s, it is estimated that approximately 500,000 pioneers had traveled overland from the settled East to the uncertain West. Plug in and press a button to use it. The cause of cholera (ingesting the Vibrio cholerae bacterium from contaminated water) and the best treatment for cholera infections were unknown in this era. Other missionaries, mostly husband and wife teams using wagon and pack trains, established missions in the Willamette Valley, as well as various locations in the future states of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. The Oregon Trail was a 2,170-mile (3,490km)[1] eastwest, large-wheeled wagon route and emigrant trail in the United States that connected the Missouri River to valleys in Oregon. The first detailed map of California and Oregon were drawn by Frmont and his topographers and cartographers in about 1848.[16]. You'll be taken to a page with a list of extensions - find the extension(s) with "ad blocker" or something similar either in the title or description. Mattes, Merril J.; "The Great Platte River Road"; p23; Nebraska State Historical Society; 1979: Brooks D. Simpson; Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph Over Adversity, 18221865; 2000, Learn how and when to remove this template message, U.S. Army's Corps of Topographical Engineers, National Historic Oregon Trail Interpretive Center, Calamity, a Childhood of Martha Jane Cannary, National Historic Trails Interpretive Center, The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie and Rocky-Mountain Life, "The Mullan Road: A Real Northwest Passage", "Map of Astorian expedition, Lewis and Clark expedition, Oregon Trail, etc. After crossing the South Platte River the Oregon Trail follows the North Platte River out of Nebraska into Wyoming. The new CanadaUnited States border was established much further north at the 49th parallel. Once you begin hunt immediatly until you have over 200 lbs of food. Maybe you shoot two or three bison. [104] As a fecal-oral disease, it commonly resulted from consuming food or water contaminated by the bacterium. [43] Some emigrants continued to use the trail well into the 1890s, and modern highways and railroads eventually paralleled large portions of the trail, including U.S. Highway 26, Interstate 84 in Oregon and Idaho and Interstate 80 in Nebraska. Following persecution and mob action in Missouri, Illinois, and other states, and the assassination of their prophet Joseph Smith in 1844, Mormon leader Brigham Young led settlers in the Latter Day Saints (LDS) church west to the Salt Lake Valley in present-day Utah. [80] Mules were, however, notoriously ill-tempered. Later, several feeder trails led across Kansas, and some towns became starting points, including Weston, Fort Leavenworth, Atchison, St. Joseph, and Omaha. On May 16, 1842, the second organized wagon train set out from Elm Grove, Missouri, with more than 100 pioneers. What kind of weapons did they tack on the Oregon trail? It passed near the present-day town of Arco, Idaho, and wound through the northern part of what is now Craters of the Moon National Monument. class="statcounter" WebHow to play The Oregon Trail Press Enter Key to start or stop walking Use Arrow keys to point the rifle (novice hunters) Press Space bar to fire the rifle. Disease was the main killer of trail travelers; cholera killed up to 3 percent of all travelers in the epidemic years from 1849 to 1855. Non-essential items were often abandoned to lighten the load, or in case of emergency. Mormon emigration records after 1860 are reasonably accurate, as newspaper and other accounts in Salt Lake City give most of the names of emigrants arriving each year from 1847 to 1868. titled "Oregon Trail" parodies expeditions that took place on the Oregon Trail, as well as the 1985 video game The Oregon Trail. Use Arrow keys to point the rifle (novice hunters) You obviously never played the game Oregon Trail. :) Where to start? Youre taking a long journey in a time when medicine consists of this kind The wagons had to be disassembled and floated down the treacherous Columbia River and the animals herded over the rough Lolo trail to get by Mt. Its main advantage was that it helped spread out the traffic during peak periods, making more grass available.[68]. As the trail developed it became marked by many cutoffs and shortcuts from Missouri to Oregon. Trapping took place in the fall when the fur became prime. Learn about the difficult life of pioneers in the 19th century by playing The Oregon Trail. The set includes 14 original episodes, including the feature-length pilot and the six episodes that did not air on NBC.[118]. This route had the disadvantages of being much too rough for wagons and controlled by the Blackfoot tribes. Spare leather was used for repairing shoes, harnesses, and other equipment. He had just completed a journey through much of western Canada and most of the Columbia River drainage system. The eastern half of the trail was also used by travelers on the California Trail (from 1843), Mormon Trail (from 1847), and Bozeman Trail (from 1863) before turning off to their separate destinations. The Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar was coined to commemorate the route. Another route was established by Cornelius Vanderbilt across Nicaragua in 1849. Some believe that scurvy deaths may have rivaled cholera as a killer, with most deaths occurring after the victim reached California.[102]. Upon return in early August, Simpson reported that he had surveyed the Central Overland Route from Camp Floyd to Genoa, Nevada. The Applegate Trail (established 1846), cutting off the California Trail from the Humboldt River in Nevada, crossed part of California before cutting north to the south end of the Willamette Valley. They normally used the north side of the Platte Riverthe same route used 20 years later by the Mormon Trail. At 7 am the bugle sounded, the wagonmaster shouted "Wagons roll! The British lost the land north of the Columbia River they had so long controlled. "The Oregon Trail: Classic Edition" -- Softkey CD-ROM release title, Space Quest II: Chapter II - Vohaul's Revenge. [109] It could spread quickly in close quarters, such as the parties that traveled the trail. Multiple ferries were established on the Missouri River, Kansas River, Little Blue River, Elkhorn River, Loup River, Platte River, South Platte River, North Platte River, Laramie River, Green River, Bear River, two crossings of the Snake River, John Day River, Deschutes River, Columbia River, as well as many other smaller streams. [89] Travelers had pushed along the relatively easy path to Fort Laramie with their luxury items but discarded them before the difficult mountain crossing ahead, and after discovering that many items could be purchased at the forts or located for free along the way. In Wyoming, the Mormon emigrants followed the main Oregon/California/Mormon Trail through Wyoming to Fort Bridger, where they split from the main trail and followed (and improved) the rough path known as Hastings Cutoff, used by the ill-fated Donner Party in 1846. Another possible crossing was a few miles upstream of Salmon Falls where some intrepid travelers floated their wagons and swam their stock across to join the north side trail. Canning also added weight to a wagon. border). It then crosses over the Smith Fork of the Bear River before ascending and crossing another 8,200-foot (2,500m) pass on the Salt River Range of mountains and then descending into Star Valley. These burned fast in a breeze, and it could take two or more bushels of chips to get one meal prepared. James Sinclair led a large party of nearly 200 settlers from the Red River Colony in 1841. From there U.S. Highway 30 which follows the Platte River is a better approximate path for those traveling the north side of the Platte.[51]. Skirting the southern end of the Sand Hills, it continued along the North Platte River (a major tributary of the Platte) into much drier and increasingly rugged lands in what is now southern Wyoming. North American Arms. [12] In the 1840s, the Great Plains appeared to be unattractive for settlement and were illegal for homesteading until well after 1846initially it was set aside by the U.S. government for Native American settlements. The HBC built a new much larger Fort Vancouver in 1824 slightly upstream of Fort Astoria on the north side of the Columbia River (they were hoping the Columbia would be the future CanadaU.S. The Scotts Bluff National Monument William Henry Jackson Collection. Mule teams were the preferred mode of travel, but oxen teams were used more often. [88] Others would use discarded furniture, wagons, and wheels as firewood. Wash days typically occurred once or twice a month, or less, depending on availability of good grass, water, and fuel. There a passage could be made with a lot of shovel work to cut down the banks or the travelers could find an already established crossing. Graves were often put in the middle of a trail and then run over by the livestock to make them difficult to find. The biggest obstacle they faced was in the Blue Mountains of Oregon where they had to cut and clear a trail through heavy timber. The oxen were slow, but steady. Smith reasoned since the Sweetwater flowed east it must eventually run into the Missouri River. Women also reacted and responded, often enthusiastically, to the landscape of the West. The hundreds of abandoned ships, whose crews had deserted in San Francisco Bay in 184950, showed many thousands chose to do this. After following the Santa Fe trail to near present-day Topeka, they ferried across the Kansas River to start the trek across Kansas and points west. [10][11] This attempt at settlement failed when most of the families joined the settlers in the Willamette Valley, with their promise of free land and HBC-free government. [84][85] Marcy's guide correctly suggested that the consumption of wild grapes, greens, and onions could help prevent the disease and that if vegetables were not available, citric acid could be drunk with sugar and water. There was an hour lunch break, referred to as "nooning". One of the better known ferries was the Mormon Ferry across the North Platte near the future site of Fort Caspar in Wyoming which operated between 1848 and 1852 and the Green River ferry near Fort Bridger which operated from 1847 to 1856. Although the group split up near Bent's Fort on the South Platte and Farnham was deposed as leader, nine of their members eventually did reach Oregon. Three to five ferries were in use on the Green during peak travel periods. The Platte was about 1 mile (1.6km) wide and 2 to 60 inches (5.1 to 152.4cm) deep. They increased the cost of traveling the trail by roughly $30 per wagon but decreased the speed of the transit from about 160 to 170 days in 1843 to 120 to 140 days in 1860. "[84][85], Food often took the form of crackers or hardtack; Southerners sometimes chose cornmeal or pinole rather than wheat flour. WebThe Oregon Trail is a series of educational computer games.The first game was originally developed by Don Rawitsch, Bill Heinemann, and Paul Dillenberger in 1971 and The fur trade business wound down to a very low level just as the Oregon trail traffic seriously began around 1840. These new emigrants often arrived in Oregon tired, worn out, nearly penniless, with insufficient food or supplies, just as winter was coming on. Another branch headed almost due west past Gray's Lake to rejoin the main trail about 10 miles (16km) west of Fort Hall. These pack trains were then used to haul out the fur bales. Several Oregon Trail branches and route variations led to the Willamette Valley. [66] Just west of Soda Springs the Bear River turns southwest as it heads for the Great Salt Lake, and the main trail turns northwest to follow the Portneuf River valley to Fort Hall, Idaho. Women wrote with sadness and concern of the numerous deaths along the trail. The random challenges in the game can change the entire course of the game for a player. There were other possible migration paths for early settlers, miners, or travelers to California or Oregon besides the Oregon trail prior to the establishment of the transcontinental railroads. On July 4, 1824, they cached their furs under a dome of rock they named Independence Rock and started their long trek on foot to the Missouri River. It bypassed the Three Island Crossing and continued traveling down the south side of the Snake River. "[2] Although Lewis and William Clark found a path to the Pacific Ocean, it was not until 1859 that a direct and practicable route, the Mullan Road, connected the Missouri River to the Columbia River.[3]. This journey typically took two to three weeks and was noted for its very rough lava terrain and extremely dry climate, which tended to dry the wooden wheels on the wagons, causing the iron rims to fall off the wheels. Captain Benjamin Bonneville on his expedition of 1832 to 1834 explored much of the Oregon trail and brought wagons up the Platte, North Platte, Sweetwater route across South Pass to the Green River in Wyoming. The group planned to retrace the path followed by the overland expedition back up to the east following the Columbia and Snake rivers. Though the numbers are significant in the context of the times, far more people chose to remain at home in the 31 states. In fall of 1823, Jedediah Smith and Thomas Fitzpatrick led their trapping crew south from the Yellowstone River to the Sweetwater River. In Central Oregon, there was the Santiam Wagon Road (established 1861), which roughly parallels Oregon Highway 20 to the Willamette Valley. Trapper Jim Beckwourth described the scene as one of "Mirth, songs, dancing, shouting, trading, running, jumping, singing, racing, target-shooting, yarns, frolic, with all sorts of extravagances that white men or Indians could invent. The prairie grass in many places was several feet high with only the hat of a traveler on horseback showing as they passed through the prairie grass. The trail continued west to Three Island Crossing (near present-day Glenns Ferry. From there it went southwest to Camas Prairie and ended at Old Fort Boise on the Boise River. Most carried steel shoes for horses, mules, or livestock. According to the National Park Service, the Oregon Trail reached Flagstaff Hill by going through the small valley, known as Virtue Flat, that lies just south of the interpretive center. [84], Randolph B. Marcy, an army officer who wrote an 1859 guide, advised taking less bacon than the earlier guides had recommended. By 1854, most of the Mormon towns, farms and villages were largely taken over by non-Mormons as they abandoned them or sold them for not much and continued their migration to Utah. Percussion cap revolvers had been invented but were expensive. A passable wagon trail now existed from the Missouri River to The Dalles. [6] This knowledge would be incorporated into the concatenated trail segments as the Oregon Trail took its early shape. This branch of the trail passed through present day Julesburg before entering Wyoming. The springs here were a favorite attraction of the pioneers who marveled at the hot carbonated water and chugging "steamboat" springs. The animated film Calamity, a Childhood of Martha Jane Cannary portrays the expedition of a dozen wagons to Oregon, part of which was the young Calamity Jane. How well this worked in practice is not stated. [54] From Fort Bridger, the main trail, comprising several variants, veered northwest over the Bear River Divide and descended to the Bear River Valley. By 1836, when the first migrant wagon train was organized in Independence, Missouri, a wagon trail had been cleared to Fort Hall, Idaho. In present-day Idaho, I-84 roughly follows the Oregon Trail from the Idaho-Oregon State border at the Snake River. State laws vary on the carrying of nonlethal weapons, such as pepper spray. Pacific Fur Company partner Robert Stuart led a small group of men back east to report to Astor. The company These ferries significantly increased speed and safety for Oregon Trail travelers. ( Internet Archive) The game: You decided to ford a 52 foot deep river so The Oregon Trail has featured in various songs, especially in western music genres. The wagons had no springs, and the ride along the trail was very rough. Army. Too far from their horses to retrieve them, they had to cache most of their goods and walk the rest of the way to the Columbia River where they made new boats and traveled to the newly established Fort Astoria. They initially started out in 1848 with trains of several thousand emigrants, which were rapidly split into smaller groups to be more easily accommodated at the limited springs and acceptable camping places on the trail. Carrying around a ten-pound rifle all day soon became tedious and usually unnecessary, as the perceived threat of natives faded and hunting opportunities receded. In many years the Native Americans fired much of the dry grass on the prairie every fall so the only trees or bushes available for firewood were on islands in the Platte River. At Fort Nez Perce some built rafts or hired boats and started down the Columbia; others continued west in their wagons until they reached The Dalles. There was a "female frontier" that was distinct and different from that experienced by men.[28]. Starting initially in Independence, Missouri, or Kansas City in Missouri, the initial trail follows the Santa Fe Trail into Kansas south of the Wakarusa River. Sometimes mules were used as well. At Fort Hall nearly all travelers were given some aid and supplies if they were available and needed. With minor exceptions they all gave substantial and often desperately needed aid to the early Oregon Trail pioneers. [84], At the time, scurvy was well-recognized, but there was a lack of clear understanding of how to prevent the disease. In the same year, the first transcontinental telegraph also laid its lines alongside the Central Overland Route. Many were discouraged by the cost, effort and danger of the trip. In 1846, the Oregon Treaty ending the Oregon boundary dispute was signed with Britain. Oxen hooves are cloven (split), and they had to be shod with two curved pieces of metal, one on each side of the hoof. [84] Chips burned quickly, however, and it took up to three bushels of chips to heat a single meal. Astor, concerned the British navy would seize their forts and supplies in the War of 1812, sold to the North West Company in 1812 their forts, supplies and furs on the Columbia and Snake River. Other trails were developed that traveled further along the South Platte to avoid local Native American hot spots. A few estimates indicate that up to 10% of those who set out to travel may have died along the way. For their own use and to encourage California and Oregon bound travelers the Mormons improved the Mormon Trail from Fort Bridger and the Salt Lake Cutoff trail. After a few days' travel they soon discovered that steep canyons, waterfalls and impassable rapids made travel by river impossible. Members of the party later disagreed over the size of the party, one stating 160 adults and children were in the party, while another counted 105. Traveling through this valley was no easy task. On the main trail about 5 miles (8.0km) west of Soda Springs Hudspeth's Cutoff (established 1849 and used mostly by California trail users) took off from the main trail heading almost due west, bypassing Fort Hall. [80] Mules also cost about three times as much as oxen, a deciding factor for many emigrants. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Awls, scissors, pins, needles, and thread for mending were required. Starting My stratagy works for version 1.2 of Oregon Trail. This route went through central Nevada (roughly where U.S. Route 50 goes today) and was about 280 miles (450km) shorter than the "standard" Humboldt River California trail route.[39]. The Oregon Trail gave children a measure of control in their learning and did it in a memorable way. you could only carry 200 pounds of meat with you. The account of his explorations in the west was published by Washington Irving in 1838. From 1821 to 1846, the Hudson's Bay Company twice annually used the York Factory Express overland trade route from Fort Vancouver to Hudson Bay then on to London. All his connections in Nicaragua were never completely worked out before the Panama Railroad's completion in 1855. In the early 1840s thousands of American settlers arrived and soon greatly outnumbered the British settlers in Oregon. Letting it sit in a bucket for an hour or so or stirring in a 1/4 cup of cornmeal allowed most of the silt to settle out. In 1810 fur entrepreneur John Jacob Astor organized an expedition of frontiersmen to head westward and establish a trading post for his American Fur Company in Oregon. In 1841, the Bartleson-Bidwell Party was the first emigrant group credited with using the Oregon Trail to emigrate west. The cost could be reduced to zero if you signed on as a crewman and worked as a common seaman. In only a few weeks at a rendezvous a year's worth of trading and celebrating would take place as the traders took their furs and remaining supplies back east for the winter and the trappers faced another fall and winter with new supplies. Married couples were granted at no cost (except for the requirement to work and improve the land) up to 640 acres (2.6km2) (a section or square mile), and unmarried settlers could claim 320 acres (1.3km2). None of these original statistical records have been foundthe Army either lost them or destroyed them. Another possible route consisted of taking a ship to Mexico traversing the country and then catching another ship out of Acapulco, Mexico to California etc. Overall, some 268,000 pioneers used the Oregon Trail and its three primary offshoots, the Bozeman, California, and Mormon Trails, to reach the West Coast, 18401860. Sometimes an unfolded feather bed mattress was brought for the wagon, if there were pregnant women or very young children along. This lowered the cost of the trip to about $50 per person for food and other items. From there the Sublette-Greenwood Cutoff trail had to cross a mountain range to connect with the main trail near Cokeville in the Bear River Valley.[56]. [84] From rivers and lakes, emigrants also fished for catfish and trout. They were looking for a safe location to spend the winter. And that association is firmly The Lander Road departs the main trail at Burnt Ranch near South Pass, crosses the Continental Divide north of South Pass and reaches the Green River near the present town of Big Piney, Wyoming. Before the Union Pacific Railroad was started in 1865, St. Joseph was the westernmost point in the United States accessible by rail. Although also considered part of the Mormon Trail, the grave of Rebecca Winters is one of the few marked ones left. Even before the famous Texas cattle drives after the Civil War, the trail was being used to drive herds of thousands of cattle, horses, sheep, and goats from the Midwest to various towns and cities along the trails. The wagons were stopped at The Dalles, Oregon, by the lack of a road around Mount Hood. From there the trail followed Big Piney Creek west before passing over the 8,800 feet (2,700m) Thompson Pass in the Wyoming Range. While anchored there, Jonathan Thorn insulted an elder Tla-o-qui-aht who was previously elected by the natives to negotiate a mutually satisfactory price for animal pelts. But these estimates may well be low since they only amount to an extra 125,000 people, and the 1870 census shows that over 200,000 additional people (ignoring most of the population increase in California, which had excellent sea and rail connections across Panama by then) showed up in all the states served by the Bozeman, California, Mormon, and Oregon Trails and their offshoots. [85] Marcy instructed emigrants to put salt pork on the bottom of wagons to avoid exposure to extreme heat. He joined the wagon train at the Platte River for the return trip. Later settlers followed the Platte and South Platte Rivers into their settlements there (much of which became the state of Colorado). The eastern part of the Oregon Trail spanned part of what is now the state of Kansas and nearly all of what are now the states of Nebraska and Wyoming. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [84][85] Joseph Ware's 1849 guide recommends that travelers take for each individual a barrel of flour or 180 pounds of ship's biscuit (i.e., hardtack), 150180 pounds of bacon, 60 pounds of beans or peas, 25 pounds of rice, 25 pounds of coffee, 40 pounds of sugar, a keg of lard, 30 or 40 pounds of dried fruit (peaches or apples), a keg of clear, rendered beef suet (to substitute for butter), as well as some vinegar, salt, and pepper. Overland Journal, Volume 6, Number 1, 1988; Peter D. Olch; Pp. Travelers starting in Independence had to ferry across the Missouri River. Over the years many ferries were established to help get across the many rivers on the path of the Oregon Trail. The longest trip was the voyage of about 13,600 to 15,000 miles (21,900 to 24,100km) on an uncomfortable sailing ship rounding the treacherous, cold, and dangerous Cape Horn between Antarctica and South America and then sailing on to California or Oregon. It rejoined the California Trail at Cassia Creek near the City of Rocks. [65] The trail follows the Bear River northwest to present-day Soda Springs. [84] Collecting buffalo chips was a common task for children and was one chore that even very young children could carry out. WebThe Oregon Trail was a major route that people took when migrating to the western part of the United States. WebLots of land for claim, escape from a crime, scared of economic instability, (Panic of 1839), wanted adventure, escape slavery. [85], Emigrant families, who were mostly middle-class, prided themselves on preparing a good table. As the group was a provisional government with no authority, these claims were not valid under United States or British law, but they were eventually honored by the United States in the Donation Land Act of 1850. Information on the ClassicReload.com may not be duplicated without permission. In the Eastern Sheep Creek Hills in the Thomas Fork valley the emigrants encountered Big Hill. The census numbers imply at least 200,000 emigrants (or more) used some variation of the California/Oregon/Mormon/Bozeman Trails to get to their new homes between 1860 and 1870. [95] According to several sources, 3 to 10percent of the emigrants are estimated to have perished on the way west.[96]. In the late 1830s the HBC instituted a policy intended to destroy or weaken the American fur trade companies. After crossing the Snake River the 230-mile (370km) cutoff headed north from Fort Hall toward Big Southern Butte following the Lost River part of the way. Around 4 am the wagon leader sounded the trumpet or fired a rifle to wake everyone up. [40] The Pony Express delivered mail summer and winter in roughly 10 days from the midwest to California. [80] Others, by contrast, believed that mules were more durable, and mules may have had a lower attrition rate on the trail than oxen. The route they had used appeared to potentially be a practical wagon route, requiring minimal improvements, and Stuart's journals provided a meticulous account of most of the route. Another 48,000 headed to Utah. The episode of Teen Titans Go! Use of the trail declined after the first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869, making the trip west substantially faster, cheaper, and safer. 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