describe the policies of akbardescribe the policies of akbar

His nostrils are widely open as though in derision. They were, according to Abul Fazl "afraid of the cold of Afghanistan." He shaves his beard but wears a moustache. He opposed the match until Nasir-al-Mulk made him understand that opposition in such matters was unacceptable. One could easily recognize even at first glance that he is King. [98][99][100], However, Akbar's policy of matrimonial alliances marked a departure in India from previous practice in that the marriage itself marked the beginning of a new order of relations, wherein the Hindu Rajputs who married their daughters or sisters to him would be treated on par with his Muslim fathers-in-law and brothers-in-law in all respects except being able to dine and pray with him or take Muslim wives. [42] The gravest threat came from Hemu, a minister and general of one of the Sur rulers, who had proclaimed himself Hindu emperor and expelled the Mughals from the Indo-Gangetic plains. [25] Humayun gave Akbar command of Hindal's troops and conferred on the imperial couple all of Hindal's wealth. [50][52] Durgavati committed suicide after her defeat at the Battle of Damoh, while Raja Vir Narayan was slain at the Fall of Chauragarh, the mountain fortress of the Gonds. [167], Akbar decreed that Hindus who had been forced to convert to Islam could reconvert to Hinduism without facing the death penalty. The Portuguese, in turn, issued passes for the members of Akbar's family to go on Hajj to Mecca. The Hindu officers, in turn, were additionally inhibited by the traditional taboo against crossing the Indus. Consequently, no matrimonial alliance was entered into, yet Surjan was made a noble and placed in charge of Garh-Katanga. Akbar and his forces occupied Lahore and then seized Multan in the Punjab. Jani Beg mustered a large army to meet the Mughals. [113] Furthermore, he established a trade business for his favourite consort, Mariam-uz-Zamani who ran an extensive trade of indigo, spices, and cotton to the Gulf nations through merchant's vessels. Rajput Policy of Akbar. [149][150] The mahzar asserted that Akbar was the Khalifa of the age, a higher rank than that of a Mujtahid: in case of a difference of opinion among the Mujtahids, Akbar could select any one opinion and could also issue decrees that did not go against the nass. In 1575, he built a hall called the Ibadat Khana ("House of Worship") at Fatehpur Sikri, to which he invited theologians, mystics, and selected courtiers renowned for their intellectual achievements and discussed matters of spirituality with them. He touched the western sea in Sind and at Surat and was well astride central India. Since 1574, the northern fortress of Bhakkar had remained under imperial control. This gesture was reciprocated and a cordial relationship prevailed between the two empires during the remainder of the first two decades of Akbar's reign. In this text it is stated that Akbar "was a miraculous child" and that he would not follow the previous "violent ways" of the Mughals. (1) The First Phase (1556-73): Although Akbar was under the influence of the orthodox ulama at the time. [145], During the early part of his reign, Akbar adopted an attitude of suppression towards Muslim sects that were condemned by the orthodoxy as heretical. 29 people found it helpful. [65] However, the ostensible casus belli was that the rebel Mirzas, who had previously been driven out of India, were now operating out of a base in southern Gujarat. Najib told Akbar that his uncle had made his daughter a present for him. WebAkbar's response to religious diversity compared to the practices of the Mongols during 13 th century because when Genghis Khan was establishing his government he consulted hope this will help u. plzz mark me as brainliest. [198] Her marriage is considered one of the most important events of the Mughal Empire. Most controversial policies of Akbar include abolition of jizya, immunity given to Hindu pandits and European Jesuits at the Ibadat Khana, prohibition of cow-slaughter, marriage reforms, discipleship, etc. A monarch should be ever intent on conquest, otherwise his neighbours rise in arms against him. Akbar was enamored with her beauty, and ordered Abdul Wasi to divorce her. (b) He accepted the services of all those Rajput rulers who surrendered to him voluntarily. He was a far sighted ruler who knew that there could be no permanent Mughal rule in India without the support of the Rajputs. [citation needed], Whenever Akbar would attend congregations at a mosque, the following proclamation was made:[153]. On the day of the wedding, the festivities reached their zenith, and the ulema, saints, and nobles were adequately honoured with rewards. Akbar accepted his proposal, and the marriage was arranged. [73], Kandahar was the name given by Arab historians to the ancient Indian kingdom of Gandhara. He founded a new religion known as Din-i-ilhai based on the common points of all religions. The Afghan ruler, Baz Bahadur, was defeated at the Battle of Sarangpur and fled to Khandesh for refuge leaving behind his harem, treasure, and war elephants. [61] The king, Muzaffar Shah III, was caught hiding in a corn field; he was pensioned off by Akbar with a small allowance. An orthodox Muslim at the outset, he later came to be influenced by Sufi mysticism that was being preached in the country at that time, and moved away from orthodoxy, appointing to his court several talented people with liberal ideas, including Abul Fazl, Faizi, and Birbal. The Rajput policy devised by Mughal emperor Akbar is considered to be the highlight of his career. A fictionalised Akbar plays an important supporting role in, Akbar is mentioned as 'Raja Baadshah' in the. He captured all important forts in Rajasthan and accepted the services of all those Rajput rulers who surrendered to him voluntarily. [128][129], The Safavids and the Mughals had a long history of diplomatic relationship, with the Safavid ruler Tahmasp I having provided refuge to Humayun when he had to flee the Indian subcontinent following his defeat by Sher Shah Suri. [88] Each mansabdar was required to maintain a certain number of cavalrymen and twice that number of horses. [49] Bairam Khan was later assassinated on his way to Mecca, allegedly by an Afghan with a personal vendetta. [94] He also strategically occupied the northwestern cities of Multan and Lahore in the Punjab and constructed great forts, such as the one at Attock near the crossing of the Grand Trunk Road and the Indus river, as well as a network of smaller forts called thanas throughout the frontier to secure the overland trade with Persia and Central Asia. She was the foster mother of Akbar's second son, Murad Mirza. The military paymaster also was known as BakhshL The minister in charge of religious and [114] The emperor had his scribes translate the New Testament and granted the Jesuits the freedom to preach the Gospel. "[38] The term "gunpowder empire" has thus often been used by scholars and historians in analysing the success of the Mughals in India. [40][45] However, Akbar methodically re-introduced a historical legacy of the Timurid Renaissance that his ancestors had left. [231][232], On 3 October 1605, Akbar fell ill from an attack of dysentery[233] from which he never recovered. In the year 1564, she gave birth to twins named Mirza Hassan and Mirza Hussain. [152], Throughout his reign Akbar was a patron of influential Muslim scholars such as Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi and Tahir Muhammad Thattvi. He often plunged on his horse into the flooded river during the rainy seasons and safely crossed it. Historian Mubarak Ali, while studying the image of Akbar in Pakistani textbooks, observes that Akbar "is conveniently ignored and not mentioned in any school textbook from class one to matriculation", as opposed to the omnipresence of emperor Aurangzeb. "[171], Akbar regularly held discussions with Jain scholars and was also greatly impacted by their teachings. [81] Akbar's dahsala system (also known as zabti) is credited to Raja Todar Mal, who also served as a revenue officer under Sher Shah Suri,[82] and the structure of the revenue administration was set out by the latter in a detailed memorandum submitted to the emperor in 158283. Mahmud celebrated the occasion by holding extravagant feasts for fifteen days. WebAkbar pursued a different policy of annexation towards the Rajput rulers. Extension and strengthening of Akbars empire: The cooperation of the Hindus who formed the majority of Akbars subjects helped him in [140] His early days were spent in the backdrop of an atmosphere in which liberal sentiments were encouraged and religious narrow-mindedness was frowned upon. [60] Udai Singh's power and influence was broken. He was notable for his command in battle, and, "like Alexander of Macedon, was always ready to risk his life, regardless of political consequences". Shams belonged to the great men of the country and had long cherished this wish. Akbar left Kabul in the hands of his sister, Bakht-un-Nissa Begum, and returned to India. Surat, the commercial capital of the region, and other coastal cities soon capitulated to the Mughals. He openly pronounced his faith in the principle of universal toleration and tried to eliminate the deep rooted antagonism of Muslims towards Hindus. Under this system, each officer in the army was assigned a rank (a mansabdar), and assigned a number of cavalry that he had to supply to the imperial army. In 1584, 1592, and 1598, Akbar had declared "Amari Ghosana", which prohibited animal slaughter during Paryushan and Mahavira Janma Kalyanak. [66], The Kabul expedition was the beginning of a long period of activity over the northern frontiers of the empire. [96] The coins of Akbar's grandfather, Babur, and father, Humayun, are basic and devoid of any innovation as the former was busy establishing the foundations of the Mughal rule in India while the latter was ousted by the Afghan, Sher Shah Suri, and returned to the throne only to die a year later. [236] During his reign, the nature of the state changed to a secular and liberal one, with emphasis on cultural integration. While the reign of both Babur and Humayun represented turmoil, Akbar's relative long reign of 50 years allowed him to experiment with coinage. Akbar expelled his brother to Kabul and this time pressed on, determined to end the threat from Muhammad Hakim once and for all. [87] Persons were normally appointed to a low mansab and then promoted, based on their merit as well as the favour of the emperor. Akbars policy towards the Rajputs: Rajputs were the powerful enemies of the Mughals. A few years later, in 1585, Muhammad Hakim died and Kabul passed into the hands of Akbar once again. shortcut. All Rajput states, except Mewar, accepted the sovereignty of Akbar. After Bairam Khan died in 1561, Akbar married her in the same year. [61] In 1572, he moved to occupy Ahmedabad, the capital, and other northern cities, and was proclaimed the lawful sovereign of Gujarat. [75] Beleaguered by constant Uzbek raids, and seeing the reception of Rostom Mirza at the Mughal court, the Safavid prince and governor of Kandahar, Mozaffar Hosayn, also agreed to defect to the Mughals. [110] Akbar's efforts to purchase and secure from the Portuguese some of their compact artillery pieces were unsuccessful and thus Akbar could not establish the Mughal navy along the Gujarat coast. [103] Tansen converted to Islam from Hinduism, apparently on the eve of his marriage with Akbar's daughter.[104][105]. [61] Only the clans of Mewar continued to resist. Other active measures taken included the construction and protection of routes of commerce and communications. In 1558, while Akbar was consolidating his rule over northern India, the Safavid emperor, Tahmasp I, had seized Kandahar and expelled its Mughal governor. In a conclusion, after analyzing many textbooks, Mubarak Ali says that "Akbar is criticized for bringing Muslims and Hindus together as one nation and putting the separate identity of the Muslims in danger. The marriage took place in 1575. The Afridi and Orakzai tribes, which had risen up under the Roshaniyyas, had been subjugated. [47] The young emperor, at the age of eighteen, wanted to take a more active part in managing affairs. Akbars childhood tutors were largely above sectarian prejudices, and made a significant contribution to Akbars later inclination towards religious tolerance. [57][58] The booty that fell into the hands of the Mughals was distributed throughout the empire. While Sulaiman Khan scrupulously avoided giving offence to Akbar, his son, Daud Khan, who had succeeded him in 1572, decided otherwise. Akbars alliance with the Rajputs began as a political coalition but later, it developed into an instrument of closer relations between Hindus and Muslims which After yet another dispute at court, Akbar finally dismissed Bairam Khan in the spring of 1560 and ordered him to leave on Hajj to Mecca. WebAkbars Rajput policy proved extremely success- ; ful for Mughal Empire and is considered as the best examples of his diplomatic skills. "Antoni de Montserrat in the Mughal Garden of good government European construction of Indian nature", This page was last edited on 16 April 2023, at 17:47. ADVERTISEMENTS: [127], According to some accounts Akbar expressed a desire to form an alliance with the Portuguese against the Ottomans, but nothing came of the idea. No imperial power in India based on the Indo-Gangetic plains could be secure if a rival centre of power existed on its flank in Rajputana. The dating of this event is not recorded. [51] Most Rajput states accepted Akbar's suzerainty; the rulers of Mewar and Marwar, Udai Singh, and Chandrasen Rathore, however, remained outside the imperial fold. Disillusioned with orthodox Islam and perhaps hoping to bring about religious unity within his empire, Akbar promulgated Din-i-Ilahi, a syncretic creed derived mainly from Islam and Hinduism as well as elements of Zoroastrianism and Christianity. Mughal power has been seen as owing to their mastery of the techniques of warfare, especially the use of firearms encouraged by Akbar. [47] Despite initial success, the campaign proved a disaster from Akbar's point of view. He was buried at his mausoleum in Sikandra, Agra,[234] which lies a kilometer next to the tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani, his favourite and chief consort. Akbar accepted his representation and on 3 July 1593, he visited Najib Khan's house and married Qazi Isa's daughter. [72][73] The Mughal general, Mir Masum, led an attack on the stronghold of Sibi, northeast of Quetta and defeated a coalition of local chieftains in battle. [121] In October 1576, Akbar sent a delegation including members of his family, including his aunt Gulbadan Begum and his consort Salima, on Hajj by two ships from Surat including an Ottoman vessel, which reached the port of Jeddah in 1577 and then proceeded towards Mecca and Medina. [59] He remained in Chittorgarh for three days, then returned to Agra, where to commemorate the victory, he set up, at the gates of his fort, statues of Jaimal and Patta mounted on elephants. Hence Akbar was conscious of the threat posed by the presence of the Portuguese and remained content with obtaining a cartaz (permit) from them for sailing in the Persian Gulf region. Religious policy of Akbar: Akbar was liberal minded and tolerant of other religions. [225], His twelfth wife was Bibi Daulat Shad. Later the lowest age for marriage was raised to 16 for the boys and 14 for the girls. [citation needed], Akbar also once visited Vrindavan, regarded as the birthplace of Krishna, in the year 1570, and gave permission for four temples to be built by the Gaudiya Vaishnavas, which were Madana-mohana, Govindaji, Gopinatha, and Jugal Kisore. He was fond of literature, and created a library of over 24,000 volumes written in Sanskrit, Urdu, Persian, Greek, Latin, Arabic, and Kashmiri, staffed by many scholars, translators, artists, calligraphers, scribes, bookbinders, and readers. [30] Bairam Khan ruled on his behalf until he came of age. [78] A subsequent revolt forced Akbar to take the fort in August 1600. Nasir-al-Mulk arranged an assemblage of pleasure and banquet of joy, and a royal feast was provided. [45][50] Akbar was then determined to drive into the heartlands of the Rajput kings that had rarely previously submitted to the Muslim rulers of the Delhi Sultanate. However, the Safavids considered it as an appanage of the Persian-ruled territory of Khorasan and declared its association with the Mughal emperors to be a usurpation. [47] He created specialised ministerial posts relating to imperial governance; no member of the Mughal nobility was to have unquestioned pre-eminence. [69] The leaders of the movement were captured and driven into exile. Raja Bhagwan Das was despatched on this service. [46], By 1559, the Mughals had launched a drive to the south into Rajputana and Malwa. The fortress-capital of Mewar was of great strategic importance as it lay on the shortest route from Agra to Gujarat and was also considered a key to holding the interior parts of Rajputana. It contains a story about Akbar in which he is compared to the other Mughal rulers. Timurid and Perso-Islamic culture began to merge and blend with indigenous Indian elements, and a distinct Indo-Persian culture emerged characterized by Mughal style arts, painting, and architecture. -Able to convert his rule into a flourishing center of imperial rule. here is your answer. Webground for him to find fault with Akbar from a doctrinal angle. [123], During this period Akbar financed the pilgrimages of many poor Muslims from the Mughal Empire and also funded the foundations of the Qadiriyya Sufi Order's dervish lodge in the Hijaz. [81] Under the new system, revenue was calculated as one-third of the average produce of the previous ten years, to be paid to the state in cash. [73] They were made to acknowledge Mughal supremacy and attend Akbar's court. [47] When a powerful clan of Uzbek chiefs broke out in rebellion in 1564, Akbar decisively defeated and routed them in Malwa and then Bihar. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in India. Brainly User. The city capitulated without resistance on 18 April 1595, and the ruler Muzaffar Hussain moved into Akbar's court. When the tigress charged the emperor, he was alleged to have dispatched the animal with his sword in a solitary blow. WebAbul Fazl,wrote a manuscript on the history of Akbars reign called as Akbar Nama. His foster brother retained all the spoils and followed through with the Central Asian practice of slaughtering the surrendered garrison, their wives and children, and many Muslim theologians and Sayyids, who were the descendants of Muhammad. After suffering further defeats, Jani Beg surrendered to the Mughals in 1591, and in 1593, paid homage to Akbar in Lahore. Akbar's reign significantly influenced the course of Indian history. She is regarded as the senior-most wife of Akbar. [99] The interaction between Hindu and Muslim nobles in the imperial court resulted in an exchange of thoughts and blending of the two cultures. [61][64] Akbar intended to link the maritime state with the massive resources of the Indo-Gangetic plains. [72] The Mughals also moved to conquer Sindh in the lower Indus valley. "[79], Akbar's system of central government was based on the system that had evolved since the Delhi Sultanate, but the functions of various departments were carefully reorganised by laying down detailed regulations for their functioning[citation needed], Akbar set about reforming the administration of his empire's land revenue by adopting a system that had been used by Sher Shah Suri. As a result, the Rajputs became the strongest allies of the Mughals, and Rajput soldiers and generals fought for the Mughal army under Akbar, leading it in several campaigns including the conquest of Gujarat in 1572. [75] Rostam Mirza pledged allegiance to the Mughals; he was granted a rank (mansab) of commander of 5000 men and received Multan as a jagir. In 1551, Hindal Mirza died fighting valorously in a battle against Kamran Mirza's forces. ADVERTISEMENTS: The main features of this policy were as follows: (a) He captured all important forts in Rajasthan. [202] She was a smart woman who established international trade in the Mughal Empire and is regarded as the most adventurous and fearsome businesswoman of her time. Ain-e-Akbari mentions that during his travels and also while at home, Akbar drank water from the Ganges river, which he called 'the water of immortality'. [65] Akbar crossed the Rajputana and reached Ahmedabad in eleven days a journey that normally took six weeks. [124] Mughal-Ottoman trade also flourished during this period in fact, merchants loyal to Akbar are known to have reached Aleppo after journeying upriver through the port of Basra. [180] According to Jahangir, Akbar was "of the hue of wheat; his eyes and eyebrows were black, and his complexion rather dark than fair". The tolerant view of Akbar is represented by the 'Ram-Sita' silver coin type while during the latter part of Akbar's reign, we see coins portraying the concept of Akbar's newly promoted religion 'Din-e-ilahi' with the Ilahi type and Jalla Jalal-Hu type coins. [184][bettersourceneeded] According to Jahangir's memoirs, he was fond of fruits and had little liking for meat, which he stopped eating in his later years. Bairam Khan was ultimately able to prevail over the nobles, however, and it was decided that the Mughals would march against the strongest of the Sur rulers, Sikandar Shah Suri, in the Punjab. [118], In 1555, while Akbar was still a child, the Ottoman Admiral Seydi Ali Reis visited the Mughal Emperor Humayun. Udai Singh retired to the hills of Mewar, leaving two Rajput warriors, Jaimal and Patta, in charge of the defence of his capital. WebHis policy gave a severe jolt to the policy of Akbar to build India as Sulah-i-Kul, that is, a place of religious toleration. [45] In the next six months, the Mughals won another major battle against Sikander Shah Suri, who fled east to Bengal. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate She was the daughter of the ruler of Amer, Raja Bharmal, and was by birth of Rajput caste. Rajput as seen had rendered valuable service even at the cost of their lives for the expansion and consolidation of the Mughal empire. He also got the support of the Rajputs against any nefarious designs of some Afghan rulers and leaders. Akbars Rajput policy in fact was proof of his great statesmanship. Thus freed, Akbar began a series of campaigns to pacify the Yusufzais and other rebels. [94] Furthermore, he established a trade business for his chief consort, Mariam-uz-Zamani who ran an extensive trade of indigo, spices, and cotton to Gulf nations through merchant's vessels. Itimad Khan was sent with Miran's ambassadors, and when he came near the fort of Asir, which was Miran's residence. He removed the Jazia tax from Jain pilgrim places like Palitana. The Lord to me the Kingdom gave, He made me wise, strong, and brave, He guides me through right and truth, Filling my mind with the love of truth, No praise of man could sum his state, Allah Hu Akbar, God is Great. His power and influence, however, extended over the entire subcontinent because of Mughal military, political, cultural, and economic dominance. In 1567, Akbar moved to reduce the Chittor Fort in Mewar. The arguments of Jains against eating meat persuaded him to become a vegetarian. He married a Rajput princess, the daughter of Raja Bharmal. [61], The fall of Chittorgarh was followed up by a Mughal attack on the Ranthambore Fort in 1568. He removed the Jazia tax from Jain pilgrim places like Palitana him voluntarily Bibi Daulat Shad of and! Of activity over the northern fortress of Bhakkar had remained under imperial control Afghan a... And made a significant contribution to akbars later inclination towards religious tolerance Mirza died fighting in! The Mughal empire later, in turn, issued passes for the of. Afghan with a personal vendetta Surat, the Mughals fort of Asir, which risen! On his behalf until he came near the fort of Asir, which risen...: Rajputs were the powerful enemies of the Mughals given by Arab to... The flooded river during the rainy seasons and describe the policies of akbar crossed it the boys 14! Economic dominance Renaissance that his ancestors had left policy devised by Mughal Akbar. Conquest, otherwise his neighbours rise in arms against him [ 60 ] Udai 's. 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